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電爐簡介
電爐(lu)是把爐(lu)內的(de)電能(neng)轉化為熱(re)(re)量對工件(jian)加(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)的(de)加(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)爐(lu),同燃料(liao)爐(lu)比較,電爐(lu)的(de)優點有:爐(lu)內氣氛容易(yi)控制,甚(shen)至(zhi)可抽成真空(kong);物料(liao)加(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)快,加(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)溫(wen)(wen)度高,溫(wen)(wen)度容易(yi)控制。
優點
電(dian)(dian)爐(lu)(lu)(lu)是把(ba)爐(lu)(lu)(lu)內的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)能轉(zhuan)化為熱(re)量對工件(jian)加(jia)(jia)熱(re)的(de)(de)(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)熱(re)爐(lu)(lu)(lu),同燃料爐(lu)(lu)(lu)比較(jiao),電(dian)(dian)爐(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)優點有:爐(lu)(lu)(lu)內氣(qi)氛容(rong)易控制(zhi),甚至可(ke)抽成真空;物料加(jia)(jia)熱(re)快,加(jia)(jia)熱(re)溫度高(gao)(gao),溫度容(rong)易控制(zhi);生產(chan)過程較(jiao)易實現(xian)(xian)機械化和(he)自動(dong)化;勞(lao)動(dong)衛生條件(jian)好(hao);熱(re)效率高(gao)(gao);產(chan)品(pin)質量好(hao);且更加(jia)(jia)環保對與日趨嚴(yan)重的(de)(de)(de)(de)環境問題是一(yi)個很好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)品(pin)等(deng)。冶(ye)金(jin)工業(ye)上(shang)電(dian)(dian)爐(lu)(lu)(lu)主要用(yong)于鋼鐵、鐵合(he)金(jin)、有色金(jin)屬等(deng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)熔煉、加(jia)(jia)熱(re)和(he)熱(re)處理。19世紀(ji)末出(chu)現(xian)(xian)了(le)工業(ye)規模的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)爐(lu)(lu)(lu),20世紀(ji)50年代以來,由于對高(gao)(gao)級冶(ye)金(jin)產(chan)品(pin)需求的(de)(de)(de)(de)增長和(he)電(dian)(dian)費隨電(dian)(dian)力工業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)而(er)下降,電(dian)(dian)爐(lu)(lu)(lu)在(zai)冶(ye)金(jin)爐(lu)(lu)(lu)設備中的(de)(de)(de)(de)比額逐年上(shang)升。電(dian)(dian)爐(lu)(lu)(lu)可(ke)分為電(dian)(dian)阻爐(lu)(lu)(lu)、感(gan)應(ying)爐(lu)(lu)(lu)、電(dian)(dian)弧爐(lu)(lu)(lu)、等(deng)離子(zi)爐(lu)(lu)(lu)、電(dian)(dian)子(zi)束(shu)爐(lu)(lu)(lu)等(deng)。
種(zhong)類介紹(shao)
電阻爐
以(yi)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)通過導體(ti)所產(chan)生的(de)(de)焦耳熱(re)為熱(re)源的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)爐(lu)(lu)。按電(dian)(dian)熱(re)產(chan)生方(fang)式,電(dian)(dian)阻爐(lu)(lu)分為直接加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)和間接加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)兩種(zhong)。在直接加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)電(dian)(dian)阻爐(lu)(lu)中(zhong),電(dian)(dian)流(liu)直接通過物(wu)(wu)(wu)料(liao),因(yin)電(dian)(dian)熱(re)功率集中(zhong)在物(wu)(wu)(wu)料(liao)本身,所以(yi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)料(liao)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)很(hen)快(kuai),適用(yong)于(yu)要求快(kuai)速加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)的(de)(de)工藝,例如(ru)鍛造坯料(liao)的(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)。這種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)阻爐(lu)(lu)可以(yi)把物(wu)(wu)(wu)料(liao)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)到很(hen)高(gao)的(de)(de)溫(wen)度(du),例如(ru)碳素材料(liao)石(shi)墨化電(dian)(dian)爐(lu)(lu),能把物(wu)(wu)(wu)料(liao)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)到超過2500℃。直接加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)電(dian)(dian)阻爐(lu)(lu)可作成真空電(dian)(dian)阻加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)爐(lu)(lu)或通保護氣(qi)體(ti)電(dian)(dian)阻加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)爐(lu)(lu),在粉末冶金(jin)中(zhong),常用(yong)于(yu)燒(shao)結鎢、鉭(tan)、鈮等(deng)制品。采用(yong)這種(zhong)爐(lu)(lu)子(zi)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)時應注意:
①為使(shi)物料加(jia)熱均勻,要求物料各(ge)部位的(de)導電截(jie)面和電導率一致;
工業電阻爐
②由于物(wu)料(liao)(liao)(liao)自身電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)相當小,為(wei)達到所需(xu)的(de)電(dian)(dian)熱(re)(re)功率,工作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)流相當大(da),因此送(song)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)極和物(wu)料(liao)(liao)(liao)接(jie)觸要好,以免起(qi)電(dian)(dian)弧燒損(sun)(sun)物(wu)料(liao)(liao)(liao),而(er)且送(song)電(dian)(dian)母線的(de)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)要小,以減少電(dian)(dian)路損(sun)(sun)失;大(da)部分電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)爐是間接(jie)加熱(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)爐,其中(zhong)裝有專門用來實(shi)現電(dian)(dian)-熱(re)(re)轉變的(de)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)體,稱為(wei)電(dian)(dian)熱(re)(re)體,由它(ta)把熱(re)(re)能傳(chuan)給爐中(zhong)物(wu)料(liao)(liao)(liao)。
這種電爐(lu)(lu)爐(lu)(lu)殼用(yong)鋼板制成,爐(lu)(lu)膛(tang)砌襯(chen)耐火(huo)材料如陶瓷(ci)纖維,內放物料。
最常用的(de)電(dian)(dian)熱(re)體(ti)(ti)是鐵鉻(ge)鋁(lv)電(dian)(dian)熱(re)體(ti)(ti)、鎳(nie)鉻(ge)電(dian)(dian)熱(re)體(ti)(ti)、碳(tan)化(hua)硅(gui)棒和(he)(he)二(er)硅(gui)化(hua)鉬棒,硅(gui)碳(tan)棒、二(er)硼化(hua)鋯陶瓷復合發熱(re)體(ti)(ti)。根據需(xu)要,爐(lu)(lu)內氣(qi)(qi)氛可以是普(pu)通(tong)氣(qi)(qi)氛、保(bao)護氣(qi)(qi)氛或真空。一(yi)般電(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)220伏或380伏,必要時配置(zhi)可調節電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)中間變壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)。小型(xing)爐(lu)(lu)(<10千瓦)單相(xiang)供電(dian)(dian),大型(xing)爐(lu)(lu)三(san)相(xiang)供電(dian)(dian)。對(dui)于品種單一(yi)、批料量(liang)大的(de)物料,宜采(cai)用連續(xu)式(shi)爐(lu)(lu)加熱(re)。爐(lu)(lu)溫低(di)于700□的(de)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)爐(lu)(lu),多數裝(zhuang)置(zhi)鼓風機,以強化(hua)爐(lu)(lu)內傳(chuan)熱(re),保(bao)證均勻加熱(re)。用于熔(rong)化(hua)易熔(rong)金(jin)屬(鉛、鉛鉍合金(jin)、鋁(lv)和(he)(he)鎂(mei)及其(qi)合金(jin)等)的(de)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)爐(lu)(lu),可做成坩堝爐(lu)(lu);或做成有熔(rong)池的(de)反射爐(lu)(lu),在爐(lu)(lu)頂(ding)上裝(zhuang)設電(dian)(dian)熱(re)體(ti)(ti)。電(dian)(dian)渣爐(lu)(lu)是由溶渣實現電(dian)(dian)熱(re)轉(zhuan)變的(de)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)爐(lu)(lu)(見(jian)電(dian)(dian)渣重熔(rong))。
感應爐
感應爐的簡介利用物料的感應電熱效應而使物料加熱或熔化的電爐。感應爐的基本部件是用紫銅管繞制的感應圈。感應圈兩端加交流電壓,產生交變的電磁場,導電的物料放在感應圈中,因電磁感應在物料中產生渦流,受電阻作用而使電能轉變成熱能來加熱物料;所以,也可認為感應電熱是一種直接加熱式電阻電熱。
感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)應(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)熱(re)的(de)(de)特點是在被(bei)加(jia)熱(re)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)料(liao)(liao)中(zhong)轉(zhuan)變的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)熱(re)功(gong)率(電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流分布(bu))很不均勻,表(biao)面最(zui)大,中(zhong)心最(zui)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao),稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)趨(qu)膚效應(ying)。為(wei)(wei)了(le)提高感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)應(ying)加(jia)熱(re)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)熱(re)效率,供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)頻(pin)率要合宜(yi),小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)型(xing)熔煉爐(lu)或(huo)(huo)對物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)表(biao)面加(jia)熱(re)采用(yong)(yong)高頻(pin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),大型(xing)熔煉爐(lu)或(huo)(huo)對物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)料(liao)(liao)深透(tou)加(jia)熱(re)采用(yong)(yong)中(zhong)頻(pin)或(huo)(huo)工頻(pin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)應(ying)圈(quan)(quan)是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)量相當大的(de)(de)負(fu)載,其功(gong)率因(yin)數一般很低(di)。為(wei)(wei)了(le)提高功(gong)率因(yin)數,感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)應(ying)圈(quan)(quan)一般并聯中(zhong)頻(pin)或(huo)(huo)高頻(pin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器,稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)諧(xie)振電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容。感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)應(ying)圈(quan)(quan)和(he)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)料(liao)(liao)之(zhi)間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)間(jian)(jian)隙要小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao),感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)應(ying)圈(quan)(quan)宜(yi)用(yong)(yong)方形紫(zi)銅管(guan)制(zhi)作,管(guan)內通(tong)水(shui)冷卻(que),感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)應(ying)圈(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)匝間(jian)(jian)間(jian)(jian)隙要盡量小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao),絕緣要好。感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)應(ying)加(jia)熱(re)裝(zhuang)置(zhi),主要用(yong)(yong)于(yu)鋼、銅、鋁和(he)鋅等的(de)(de)加(jia)熱(re)及熔鑄,加(jia)熱(re)快,燒損少(shao),機械化和(he)自動化程(cheng)度高,適(shi)合配(pei)置(zhi)在自動作業(ye)線上。
感應爐系列加熱爐特點
加(jia)熱速度(du)快、生(sheng)產(chan)效率高、氧(yang)化脫炭少、節省材料(liao)與鍛模(mo)成本
由(you)(you)于(yu)中頻(pin)感應(ying)加(jia)熱(re)的(de)原理為電磁(ci)感應(ying),其熱(re)量在(zai)工(gong)(gong)件(jian)內自身(shen)產生(sheng),普通(tong)工(gong)(gong)人(ren)用中頻(pin)電爐(lu)上(shang)班后十分鐘即可進(jin)行鍛(duan)造任務(wu)的(de)連續(xu)工(gong)(gong)作,不(bu)需燒爐(lu)專業工(gong)(gong)人(ren)提前進(jin)行燒爐(lu)和(he)封爐(lu)工(gong)(gong)作。不(bu)必(bi)擔心由(you)(you)于(yu)停電或設備故障引起的(de)煤爐(lu)已加(jia)熱(re)坯料(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)浪費現象。由(you)(you)于(yu)該(gai)加(jia)熱(re)方式(shi)升(sheng)溫速度快(kuai),所(suo)以(yi)氧化極(ji)少,每(mei)噸鍛(duan)件(jian)和(he)燒煤爐(lu)相(xiang)比至少節約鋼(gang)材(cai)原材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)20-50千克,其材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)利用率可達95%。由(you)(you)于(yu)該(gai)加(jia)熱(re)方式(shi)加(jia)熱(re)均勻,芯(xin)表(biao)溫差極(ji)小,所(suo)以(yi)在(zai)鍛(duan)造方面還大(da)大(da)的(de)增加(jia)了鍛(duan)模的(de)壽(shou)命,鍛(duan)件(jian)表(biao)面的(de)粗糙度也小于(yu)50um。
工作環(huan)境優越、提高工人勞動環(huan)境和(he)公司形象、無(wu)污(wu)染、低耗能
感應加(jia)熱爐(lu)與煤爐(lu)相(xiang)比,工人不(bu)會再(zai)受炎炎烈(lie)日下煤爐(lu)的(de)烘(hong)烤與煙熏,更可達(da)到(dao)環保部門的(de)各項指(zhi)標要求(qiu),同(tong)時樹(shu)立(li)公司外在形象與鍛(duan)造業未來(lai)的(de)發展趨勢。感應加(jia)熱是電加(jia)熱爐(lu)中最節(jie)能的(de)加(jia)熱方式(shi)由(you)室溫(wen)加(jia)熱到(dao)1100℃的(de)噸(dun)鍛(duan)件耗電量小于360度。
加熱均勻,芯表溫差極(ji)小,溫控精度高
感應加熱(re)爐(lu)(lu)具有(you)體積(ji)小,重(zhong)量輕、效率高、熱(re)加工質量優及有(you)利環(huan)境等優點(dian)正迅速(su)淘汰燃煤爐(lu)(lu)、燃氣(qi)爐(lu)(lu)、燃油(you)爐(lu)(lu)及普通(tong)電阻爐(lu)(lu),是(shi)新一(yi)代的金屬加熱(re)設備(bei)。
工(gong)業(ye)上應(ying)用(yong)(yong)的(de)感(gan)應(ying)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)化爐有(you)坩(gan)(gan)堝(guo)(guo)爐(無(wu)芯(xin)感(gan)應(ying)爐)和(he)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)溝(gou)爐(有(you)芯(xin)感(gan)應(ying)爐),見圖2感(gan)應(ying)爐爐體(ti)結構示意(yi)。坩(gan)(gan)堝(guo)(guo)用(yong)(yong)耐火材料(liao)或(huo)鋼制成,容量從幾公斤到幾十噸。其熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)煉特點(dian)是坩(gan)(gan)堝(guo)(guo)中(zhong)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)體(ti)受電動(dong)力(li)作用(yong)(yong),迫使熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)池(chi)液(ye)面凸起(qi)(qi),熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)體(ti)自液(ye)面中(zhong)心(xin)流(liu)向四周而(er)引(yin)起(qi)(qi)循環(huan)流(liu)動(dong)。這種(zhong)現象稱為(wei)電動(dong)效(xiao)應(ying),可(ke)使熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)體(ti)成分均勻,缺(que)點(dian)是爐渣(zha)偏向周邊(bian),覆蓋性差。與熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)溝(gou)爐比(bi)較,坩(gan)(gan)堝(guo)(guo)爐操作靈活,熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)煉溫度高(gao),但功率(lv)因(yin)數低,電耗較高(gao)。熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)溝(gou)爐的(de)感(gan)應(ying)器由(you)鐵芯(xin)、感(gan)應(ying)圈和(he)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)溝(gou)爐襯組成,熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)溝(gou)為(wei)一條或(huo)兩條帶狀(zhuang)環(huan)形溝(gou),其中(zhong)充滿(man)與熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)池(chi)相聯通(tong)的(de)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)體(ti)。在原理上,可(ke)以把熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)溝(gou)爐看作是次(ci)級只有(you)一匝線圈而(er)且(qie)短路的(de)鐵芯(xin)變壓器。感(gan)應(ying)電流(liu)在熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)溝(gou)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)體(ti)中(zhong)流(liu)動(dong),而(er)實現電熱轉變。
生產中,每爐(lu)(lu)(lu)金屬熔(rong)(rong)(rong)煉(lian)完畢后,不能把熔(rong)(rong)(rong)池放(fang)空(kong),不然容(rong)易(yi)干枯,一定要保留一部分熔(rong)(rong)(rong)體(ti)作(zuo)為(wei)下(xia)一爐(lu)(lu)(lu)的起(qi)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)體(ti)。熔(rong)(rong)(rong)溝(gou)溫度(du)比熔(rong)(rong)(rong)池高(gao),又承受(shou)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)體(ti)流動(dong)的沖(chong)刷,所以熔(rong)(rong)(rong)溝(gou)爐(lu)(lu)(lu)襯容(rong)易(yi)損壞,為(wei)便于維修,現代爐(lu)(lu)(lu)子的感應器制成便于更(geng)換的裝(zhuang)配件(jian)。熔(rong)(rong)(rong)溝(gou)爐(lu)(lu)(lu)的容(rong)量從幾百公斤到百余噸。熔(rong)(rong)(rong)溝(gou)爐(lu)(lu)(lu)供工頻電(dian),由于有用硅鋼(gang)片制作(zuo)的鐵(tie)芯作(zuo)磁通路,電(dian)效率(lv)和(he)功(gong)率(lv)因(yin)數都很高(gao)。熔(rong)(rong)(rong)溝(gou)爐(lu)(lu)(lu)主要用于鑄鐵(tie)、銅(tong)、鋅(xin)、黃銅(tong)等的熔(rong)(rong)(rong)化(hua),還可作(zuo)為(wei)混熔(rong)(rong)(rong)滬,用來(lai)貯存(cun)和(he)加熱熔(rong)(rong)(rong)體(ti)。
電弧爐
利用電(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)(hu)熱效應熔煉金(jin)(jin)屬和其他物(wu)(wu)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)的電(dian)(dian)爐(圖3電(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)(hu)爐類型(xing))。按加(jia)熱方式分(fen)為三種類型(xing):①間(jian)接(jie)加(jia)熱電(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)(hu)爐。電(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)(hu)在兩(liang)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)之間(jian)產生(sheng),不接(jie)觸物(wu)(wu)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao),靠熱輻(fu)射加(jia)熱物(wu)(wu)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)。這種爐子噪聲大,效率低,漸被淘汰。②直接(jie)加(jia)熱電(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)(hu)爐。電(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)(hu)在電(dian)(dian)極(ji)與(yu)物(wu)(wu)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)之間(jian)產生(sheng),直接(jie)加(jia)熱物(wu)(wu)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao);煉鋼三相電(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)(hu)爐是最常用的直接(jie)加(jia)熱電(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)(hu)爐(見電(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)(hu)爐煉鋼)。③埋弧(hu)(hu)(hu)電(dian)(dian)爐,亦稱還原電(dian)(dian)爐或礦熱電(dian)(dian)爐。電(dian)(dian)極(ji)一(yi)端埋入料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)層,在料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)層內形成電(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)(hu)并利用料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)層自身的電(dian)(dian)阻發(fa)熱加(jia)熱物(wu)(wu)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao);常用于冶煉鐵合(he)金(jin)(jin)(見鐵合(he)金(jin)(jin)電(dian)(dian)爐)
真空電弧爐
是在抽真空(kong)的爐(lu)體(ti)中(zhong)用電弧直(zhi)接加熱熔(rong)(rong)(rong)煉金(jin)屬的電爐(lu)。爐(lu)內氣體(ti)稀薄,主要靠被(bei)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)金(jin)屬的蒸氣發生電弧,為(wei)使電弧穩定,一般供(gong)直(zhi)流電。按(an)照熔(rong)(rong)(rong)煉特(te)點,分為(wei)金(jin)屬重熔(rong)(rong)(rong)爐(lu)和(he)澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)爐(lu)。按(an)照熔(rong)(rong)(rong)煉過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)電極是否消耗(hao)(熔(rong)(rong)(rong)化),分為(wei)自耗(hao)爐(lu)和(he)非自耗(hao)爐(lu),工業上應(ying)用的大多數(shu)是自耗(hao)爐(lu)。真空(kong)電弧爐(lu)用于(yu)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)煉特(te)殊(shu)鋼、活潑的和(he)難(nan)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)的金(jin)屬如鈦、鉬、鈮(見真空(kong)冶金(jin))。
電(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)(hu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)熱(re)可以認為(wei)是弧(hu)(hu)(hu)阻電(dian)(dian)(dian)熱(re)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)(hu)(弧(hu)(hu)(hu)阻)穩定是爐(lu)子(zi)正常(chang)生(sheng)產(chan)的必要(yao)條件(jian)。交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)(hu)爐(lu)通常(chang)采(cai)用工頻電(dian)(dian)(dian),為(wei)使電(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)(hu)穩定,爐(lu)子(zi)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路中(zhong)要(yao)有(you)適(shi)當(dang)的感抗(kang),但是存在感抗(kang)會降低(di)功率(lv)因數和電(dian)(dian)(dian)效(xiao)率(lv)。降低(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)頻率(lv)是發(fa)展交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)(hu)爐(lu)的途徑(jing)。弧(hu)(hu)(hu)阻阻值(zhi)相當(dang)小(xiao),為(wei)獲得必要(yao)的熱(re)量(liang),爐(lu)子(zi)需要(yao)相當(dang)大的工作電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu),因此爐(lu)子(zi)短網的電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻要(yao)盡量(liang)小(xiao),以免(mian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路損耗過大。對于三(san)(san)相電(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)(hu)爐(lu),要(yao)使三(san)(san)相的阻抗(kang)接近一(yi)致,以免(mian)三(san)(san)相負荷不(bu)平衡。
等離子爐
利用工(gong)(gong)(gong)作氣(qi)體(ti)(ti)被電(dian)(dian)離(li)(li)時(shi)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)體(ti)(ti)來進行加(jia)(jia)熱(re)或(huo)熔(rong)煉的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)爐。產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)裝置(zhi)(zhi),通常叫作等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)槍(qiang),有(you)(you)電(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)(hu)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)槍(qiang)和高(gao)頻(pin)感(gan)應等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)槍(qiang)兩(liang)類。把(ba)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作氣(qi)體(ti)(ti)通入等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)槍(qiang)中,槍(qiang)中有(you)(you)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)(hu)或(huo)高(gao)頻(pin)(5~20兆赫)電(dian)(dian)場的(de)(de)裝置(zhi)(zhi),工(gong)(gong)(gong)作氣(qi)體(ti)(ti)受作用后電(dian)(dian)離(li)(li),生(sheng)(sheng)成由電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)、正(zheng)離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)以及(ji)氣(qi)體(ti)(ti)原子(zi)(zi)(zi)和分子(zi)(zi)(zi)混合組成的(de)(de)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)體(ti)(ti)。等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)體(ti)(ti)從等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)槍(qiang)噴口噴出后,形成高(gao)速高(gao)溫(wen)的(de)(de)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)弧(hu)(hu)(hu)焰,溫(wen)度比一般電(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)(hu)高(gao)得多(duo)。最(zui)常用的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作氣(qi)體(ti)(ti)是氬,它是單原子(zi)(zi)(zi)氣(qi)體(ti)(ti),容易(yi)電(dian)(dian)離(li)(li),而(er)且是惰(duo)性氣(qi)體(ti)(ti),可(ke)以保護物料(liao)。工(gong)(gong)(gong)作溫(wen)度可(ke)高(gao)達20000□;用于熔(rong)煉特殊鋼、鈦和鈦合金(jin)、超(chao)導材料(liao)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。爐型有(you)(you)配(pei)(pei)置(zhi)(zhi)水冷銅結(jie)晶器(qi)爐、 中空陰極式爐、 配(pei)(pei)置(zhi)(zhi)感(gan)應加(jia)(jia)熱(re)的(de)(de)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)爐、有(you)(you)耐火(huo)材料(liao)爐襯的(de)(de)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)爐等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(見等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)冶金(jin))。
電子束爐
用(yong)高(gao)速電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)轟擊(ji)物(wu)料(liao)使(shi)之(zhi)加(jia)(jia)熱熔化的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)爐(lu)(圖(tu)4電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)束(shu)(shu)爐(lu)示意(yi))。在真空爐(lu)殼內,用(yong)通(tong)低(di)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)燈(deng)絲加(jia)(jia)熱陰極,使(shi)之(zhi)發射電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)束(shu)(shu)受加(jia)(jia)速陽極的(de)高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場的(de)作用(yong)而加(jia)(jia)速運(yun)動,轟擊(ji)位(wei)于陽極的(de)金(jin)屬物(wu)料(liao),使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能轉變成(cheng)熱能。因(yin)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)束(shu)(shu)可經(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁聚焦(jiao)裝置高(gao)度密集,所(suo)以可在物(wu)料(liao)受轟擊(ji)的(de)部位(wei)產生很(hen)高(gao)的(de)溫度。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)束(shu)(shu)爐(lu)用(yong)于熔煉特殊鋼(gang)、難(nan)熔和(he)活潑金(jin)屬。
工(gong)業(ye)上用的電爐(lu)分類(lei)為(wei)兩類(lei):周期式作(zuo)業(ye)爐(lu)和連續式作(zuo)業(ye)爐(lu)。
周期式作業爐分為:箱式爐、密封箱式爐,井式爐,鐘罩爐,臺車爐,傾倒式滾筒爐。
連(lian)續(xu)式(shi)作(zuo)業爐(lu)(lu)分(fen)為:窯車式(shi)爐(lu)(lu),推桿式(shi)爐(lu)(lu),輥底(di)爐(lu)(lu),振底(di)爐(lu)(lu),轉底(di)爐(lu)(lu),步(bu)進式(shi)爐(lu)(lu),牽引式(shi)爐(lu)(lu),連(lian)續(xu)式(shi)滾筒(tong)爐(lu)(lu),傳送帶(dai)(dai)(dai)式(shi)爐(lu)(lu)等(deng)。其中傳送帶(dai)(dai)(dai)式(shi)爐(lu)(lu)可(ke)分(fen)為:有網帶(dai)(dai)(dai)式(shi)爐(lu)(lu)、沖壓鏈板(ban)式(shi)爐(lu)(lu)、鑄(zhu)鏈板(ban)式(shi)爐(lu)(lu)等(deng)...
電熱爐
電熱(re)(re)爐可(ke)使用(yong)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)發熱(re)(re)體(ti)或非金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)發熱(re)(re)體(ti)來產(chan)生熱(re)(re)源,其(qi)構造簡單(dan),用(yong)途十分廣(guang)泛是它的(de)主(zhu)要(yao)特(te)色,可(ke)廣(guang)泛應用(yong)於退(tui)火、正常化、淬(cui)火、回火、滲碳及滲碳氮化等(deng)。主(zhu)要(yao)的(de)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)發熱(re)(re)體(ti)包括Ni-Cr電熱(re)(re)線(最常見,最高用(yong)至1200℃)、Mo-Si合(he)金(jin)及W、Mo等(deng)純金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu);非金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)發熱(re)(re)體(ti)包括SiC(最常見,最高可(ke)加(jia)熱(re)(re)至1600℃)、LaCrO3及石墨棒(真空或保護氣氛(fen)下可(ke)加(jia)熱(re)(re)至2000℃)。
優點:
1) 與燃料(liao)爐相比(bi)容易得到高溫。
2) 可從材(cai)料(liao)內部(bu)加熱使其升溫。
3) 便于(yu)在(zai)可控氣氛爐(lu)和(he)真空爐(lu)中使用。
4) 電爐(lu)沒有燃(ran)料爐(lu)的(de)排煙熱損(sun)失(shi),所以熱效率高(gao)。
5) 容易(yi)控制溫度,便于遙控、細調。
6) 能進行快速加熱(re)。
7) 操作性(xing)能(neng)好(hao),不污染環境。
缺點:
1) 需要增加配(pei)電(dian)設備(bei)費用。
2) 電力成本高。
3) 電(dian)阻加(jia)熱溫度(du)超過1000℃時,耐火材料(liao)有可能導電(dian),需要(yao)注(zhu)意絕緣(yuan)問題。
發展
2010年,中(zhong)國制(zhi)造(zao)(zao)業(ye)(ye)(ye)占全(quan)球制(zhi)造(zao)(zao)業(ye)(ye)(ye)產(chan)(chan)出的19.8%,略高(gao)于美國的19.4%,居世界第一。中(zhong)國制(zhi)造(zao)(zao)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的快速發(fa)展(zhan)帶動了中(zhong)國烘爐(lu)、熔爐(lu)和電(dian)爐(lu)制(zhi)造(zao)(zao)行業(ye)(ye)(ye)的發(fa)展(zhan)。據國家統計局(ju)數據統計,2010年全(quan)國烘爐(lu)、熔爐(lu)及電(dian)爐(lu)制(zhi)造(zao)(zao)行業(ye)(ye)(ye)規模(mo)以(yi)上企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)增加至308家,實現(xian)工業(ye)(ye)(ye)總(zong)產(chan)(chan)值162.88億元(yuan),同比(bi)增長30.79%;實現(xian)銷售收入(ru)163.87億元(yuan),同比(bi)增長32.63%;實現(xian)利潤總(zong)額(e)10.43億元(yuan),同比(bi)增長79.17%。
汽車(che)(che)、拖拉機工(gong)(gong)業70%-80%的(de)(de)零部(bu)(bu)件(jian)需要(yao)進行(xing)(xing)熱(re)(re)處(chu)理(li)(li)加工(gong)(gong),工(gong)(gong)具、刃具和軸承(cheng)產(chan)品則100%需要(yao)進行(xing)(xing)熱(re)(re)處(chu)理(li)(li),一些民用輕工(gong)(gong)金屬(shu)制品的(de)(de)使用壽(shou)命,絕大部(bu)(bu)分也(ye)依靠熱(re)(re)處(chu)理(li)(li)得(de)到提(ti)高。同時,緊(jin)固件(jian)行(xing)(xing)業、軸承(cheng)行(xing)(xing)業、鏈條行(xing)(xing)業、工(gong)(gong)具行(xing)(xing)業、汽車(che)(che)、拖拉機、摩托車(che)(che)零部(bu)(bu)件(jian)行(xing)(xing)業都是靠熱(re)(re)處(chu)理(li)(li)質量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)提(ti)高來提(ti)升(sheng)競(jing)爭實力,隨著中國(guo)(guo)工(gong)(gong)業的(de)(de)不(bu)斷發(fa)(fa)展,近十(shi)年(nian)內我國(guo)(guo)每年(nian)將(jiang)(jiang)新增40-50萬噸熱(re)(re)加工(gong)(gong)量(liang)(liang),另外(wai)國(guo)(guo)內很大部(bu)(bu)分烘(hong)爐(lu)(lu)、熔爐(lu)(lu)和電爐(lu)(lu)設備(bei)的(de)(de)陳(chen)舊(jiu)、落后,將(jiang)(jiang)趨向淘汰更新,我國(guo)(guo)對熱(re)(re)加工(gong)(gong)設備(bei)的(de)(de)需求(qiu)十(shi)分強勁,我國(guo)(guo)烘(hong)爐(lu)(lu)、熔爐(lu)(lu)及(ji)電爐(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展前景看好(hao)。
延長方法
為了保(bao)護和延長(chang)電爐的(de)使(shi)用(yong)時間,必須注意(yi)下(xia)列(lie)事項:
(1) 定(ding)期檢查電(dian)爐及控制器各接(jie)頭的連接(jie)是(shi)否(fou)良(liang)好。
(2) 電(dian)(dian)爐和控制(zhi)器(qi)必須在相(xiang)對(dui)濕度不超過85%,沒有導電(dian)(dian)塵埃,爆炸性氣(qi)體(ti)和能破壞金屬(shu)絕緣(yuan)以及電(dian)(dian)子(zi)元件的腐蝕性氣(qi)體(ti)的場所工(gong)作。
(3) 控(kong)制(zhi)器的工(gong)作環境(jing)溫(wen)度限于(yu)0—50℃。
(4) 電爐(lu)和控制器使用(yong)時,均不得(de)超(chao)過(guo)(guo)額定功率(lv),爐(lu)溫不得(de)超(chao)過(guo)(guo)最高使用(yong)溫度,禁止將(jiang)潮濕(shi)工件裝入爐(lu)膛內(nei),含(han)有超(chao)高水分的(de)被(bei)加熱工件應預先(xian)烘干。
(5) 保持爐膛(tang)內(nei)情清潔,對爐內(nei)的金屬(shu)氧化物、溶渣和雜質等應(ying)及時清除,裝卸工件(jian)時應(ying)謹慎。
種類劃分
工業爐
工(gong)業(ye)爐(lu)(lu):分(fen)為電爐(lu)(lu)和燃(ran)燒爐(lu)(lu)(狹(xia)義的(de)工(gong)業(ye)爐(lu)(lu)指燃(ran)燒爐(lu)(lu))
主要產品七大類:電阻爐、感應爐、真空爐、電子束爐、熱處理(或熔煉)機組、熱處理輔助設備、燃燒爐。
三. 電阻爐(lu):三大部件:加熱器、爐(lu)襯、耐熱構件
1. 分為(wei)周期(qi)式及(ji)連續(xu)式兩大類
2. 周期式爐的特征(zheng):
A. 爐料同時加入同時取出
B. 加熱(re)時爐料基(ji)本不(bu)動(特殊情況除(chu)外:如(ru)滾(gun)筒爐,輥底爐)
C. 工作(zuo)區(qu)內力求(qiu)溫度均勻
電阻爐的分類
臺車爐 燒結爐 調質爐 回火爐 退火爐 固熔爐 淬火爐 滲碳爐 正火爐 氮化爐 熔煉爐 釬焊爐 鹽浴爐 滾筒爐 網帶爐 真空爐 實驗爐 中高頻爐 烘干爐 罩式爐 推桿爐 鑄造爐 燃料爐 窯爐 氨分解爐 玻璃爐
連續(xu)式電阻爐
A. 推送式爐
B. 傳送帶式爐
C.網帶爐(lu)(適用于薄小零件(jian)的退火、燒結、釬焊(han)及固(gu)溶處理。結構類似傳送帶式爐(lu))
D. 連續式轉筒爐
E. 輥(gun)底(di)爐(lu)(料盤在輥(gun)子上運動
結構
整套電(dian)(dian)爐(lu)(lu)(lu)設備包(bao)含(han)中頻(pin)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)柜(ju),補償電(dian)(dian)容(rong),爐(lu)(lu)(lu)體(兩個(ge))及水(shui)冷電(dian)(dian)纜、減(jian)速(su)(su)機(ji)。爐(lu)(lu)(lu)體由(you)爐(lu)(lu)(lu)殼、感應(ying)圈、爐(lu)(lu)(lu)襯、傾(qing)爐(lu)(lu)(lu)減(jian)速(su)(su)箱(xiang)等四(si)個(ge)部分組成,爐(lu)(lu)(lu)殼用非(fei)磁(ci)性材料制(zhi)成,感應(ying)線(xian)(xian)圈是(shi)由(you)矩形(xing)空心管(guan)制(zhi)成的(de)螺旋狀(zhuang)筒體,熔(rong)煉時管(guan)內通(tong)冷卻(que)水(shui)。線(xian)(xian)圈引出銅排與水(shui)冷電(dian)(dian)纜連(lian)通(tong),爐(lu)(lu)(lu)襯緊(jin)靠感應(ying)圈,由(you)石英砂打實燒結而成,爐(lu)(lu)(lu)體的(de)傾(qing)動由(you)傾(qing)爐(lu)(lu)(lu)減(jian)速(su)(su)箱(xiang)直接轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動。傾(qing)爐(lu)(lu)(lu)減(jian)速(su)(su)箱(xiang)系二級渦輪變速(su)(su),自鎖性能(neng)好,轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動平穩可(ke)靠,出現緊(jin)急斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)時看收工傾(qing)爐(lu)(lu)(lu),避免危險。可(ke)以通(tong)過(guo)選爐(lu)(lu)(lu)開(kai)關對兩臺爐(lu)(lu)(lu)體的(de)傾(qing)爐(lu)(lu)(lu)減(jian)速(su)(su)箱(xiang)電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)的(de)控制(zhi)進行(xing)選擇,帶有四(si)芯橡皮線(xian)(xian)的(de)開(kai)關盒能(neng)使操作者站在合適位置對爐(lu)(lu)(lu)體的(de)傾(qing)動,復位進行(xing)點動控制(zhi)。
操作規程
1、操作人(ren)員必須了解以(yi)下幾點:
A、電爐及其輔助設備的結構和性能。
B、配(pei)電系統、控制系統的(de)(de)布置(zhi)及(ji)安(an)全裝置(zhi)的(de)(de)位置(zhi)等。
C、操(cao)作(zuo)工藝和(he)安全(quan)操(cao)作(zuo)規程。
2、運行前準備工作檢查
A、設備的(de)電源是否正常,是否有斷(duan)相、短路或裸線(xian)等情況。
B、檢查(cha)接(jie)地裝置接(jie)線處(chu)的接(jie)觸是否良好。
C、檢(jian)查加熱元件是否有損(sun)壞(huai)的地方,各連(lian)接處的接觸是否良好(hao),有否與爐(lu)體及罩(zhao)殼相接觸的地方。
D、檢查溫控系統是否有不正(zheng)常(chang)的現象。
E、檢查爐門升(sheng)降、臺車進(jin)出運(yun)行(xing)是(shi)否正常。
3、帶(dai)有(you)腐蝕性、揮發性、爆炸性氣體的工(gong)件(jian)嚴禁進入爐體加工(gong),以免影響加熱元件(jian)和耐火材料使用壽命及引起爆炸等(deng)事故(gu)。
4、電爐(lu)不得超溫運行,否(fou)則(ze)會(hui)縮短設備的使用(yong)壽命。
5、工件均勻堆放,離加(jia)熱(re)元件應(ying)在100-150mm左右。
6、氧化皮太(tai)多的工件進爐前需清除,可(ke)用(yong)鋼絲刷刷下(xia)。
7、嚴禁野蠻操作(zuo),工件應輕放,避(bi)免沖擊(ji)。
8、電爐使用時操(cao)作人員不(bu)得擅自(zi)離開崗位,必須隨時注意電爐的(de)工作狀(zhuang)況是否正常,
9、電爐在進(jin)行裝卸(xie)工(gong)件時(shi),必須(xu)先切(qie)斷加(jia)熱(re)元件電源(yuan),以保證操作人員的安(an)全。
10、爐(lu)(lu)膛(tang)的氧化物(包括電爐(lu)(lu)絲下(xia)(xia))應經(jing)常清理,至少每周一(yi)次或五爐(lu)(lu)次一(yi)次。爐(lu)(lu)底板下(xia)(xia)可(ke)用壓縮(suo)空氣吹。
11、電阻絲如(ru)經使用后(hou),就不得碰撞拗折,以免(mian)斷(duan)裂。
12、電爐電動機需定期檢查,添加潤滑油等(deng),注(zhu)意使(shi)用(yong)安(an)全。
13、定期(qi)檢查加(jia)熱(re)(re)元(yuan)(yuan)件的使(shi)用(yong)情況(kuang)。加(jia)熱(re)(re)元(yuan)(yuan)件經短期(qi)使(shi)用(yong)后便不(bu)得拗(ao)折、碰撞。如尚(shang)未嚴重腐蝕而(er)折斷時(shi),可用(yong)與電(dian)爐絲(si)相同的材料(或電(dian)爐絲(si)本身)作(zuo)為焊(han)條,采用(yong)乙炔氣進行加(jia)熱(re)(re)焊(han)接,焊(han)條采用(yong)50%白云粉(fen)末混合(he)而(er)成,若加(jia)熱(re)(re)元(yuan)(yuan)件嚴重腐蝕不(bu)能使(shi)用(yong)時(shi),則應(ying)另(ling)行更換。
14、定期校驗(yan)儀表、熱(re)電(dian)偶的偏(pian)差情況,防止因儀表、熱(re)電(dian)偶的誤差造成測溫(wen)不正確而影響產(chan)品(pin)質量(liang)。